By the end of the reign of Aurangzeb in the early 18th century, the common language around Delhi began to be referred to as Zaban-e-Urdu, a name derived from the Turkic word ordu (army) or orda and is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or " Zaban-i-Ordu" or natively " Lashkari Zaban". įrom the 13th century until the end of the 18th century the language now known as Urdu was called Hindi, Hindavi, Hindustani, Dehlavi, Lahori, and Lashkari. An early literary tradition of Hindavi was founded by Amir Khusrau in the late 13th century. In southern India (especially in Golkonda and Bijapur), a form of the language flourished in medieval India and is known as Dakhini, which contains loanwords from Telugu and Marathi. In cities such as Delhi, the Indian language Old Hindi began to acquire many Persian loanwords and continued to be called "Hindi" and later, also "Hindustani". The contact of the Hindu and Muslim cultures during the period of Islamic conquests and in the Indian subcontinent (12th to 16th centuries) led to the development of Hindustani as a product of a composite Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb. It belongs to the Western Hindi group of the Central Indo-Aryan languages. In the Delhi region of India the native language was Khariboli, whose earliest form is known as Old Hindi (or Hindavi). Some linguists have suggested that the earliest forms of Urdu evolved from the medieval (6th to 13th century) Apabhraṃśa register of the preceding Shauraseni language, a Middle Indo-Aryan language that is also the ancestor of other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Urdu, like Hindi, is a form of Hindustani. If spoken colloquial contexts are broadly taken into account, the Hindustani language (Hindi–Urdu) is the 3rd-most spoken language in the world. According to 2018 estimates by Ethnologue, Urdu is the 10th-most widely spoken language in the world, with 230 million total speakers, including those who speak it as a second language. Īs of 2021, Urdu is the 21st-largest first language spoken in the world, with approximately 61.9 million native speakers. Deccani, an older form used in southern India, became a court language of the Deccan sultanates in the 16th century. Urdu became a literary language in the 18th century and two similar standard forms came into existence in Delhi and Lucknow since the partition of India in 1947, a third standard has arisen in the Pakistani city of Karachi. Religious, social, and political factors arose during the European colonial period that advocated for a distinction between Urdu and Hindi, leading to the Hindi–Urdu controversy.
In 1837, Urdu was chosen by the British East India Company as the language to replace Persian across northern India during Company rule Persian had until this point served as the court language of the Indo-Islamic empires. While formal Urdu draws literary, political, and technical vocabulary from Persian, formal Hindi draws these aspects from Sanskrit consequently, the two languages' mutual intelligibility effectively decreases as the factor of formality increases. As Indo-Aryan languages, Urdu and Hindi share a common Sanskrit- and Prakrit-derived vocabulary base, phonology, syntax, and grammar, making them mutually intelligible during colloquial communication. Urdu has been described as a Persianized- standard register of the Hindustani language.
In Nepal, Urdu is a registered regional dialect. In India, Urdu is an Eighth Schedule language whose status, function, and cultural heritage is recognized by the Constitution of India it also has an official status in several Indian states. It is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan. Urdu ( / ˈ ʊər d uː/ Urdu: اُردُو, ALA-LC: Urdū) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of Urdu script.
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Areas where Urdu is neither official nor co-official
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